Manajemen

The term management has a different understanding. Adl management universally use of resources to achieve organizational goals and performance of eminence in various types of profit and non profit organizations.
 The definition put forward by a distinguished management Daft (2003:4) as follows: "Management is the Attainment of organizational goals in an effective and efficient manner through planning organizing leading and controlling organizational resources". Opinion was less LBH has a sense that management is the attainment of organizational goals with effective and efficient way of reply by the planning organization of direction and control of organizational resources.
Plunket et al. (2005:5) defines management as "One or more managers individually and collectively Setting and Achieving Goals by exercising related functions (planning organizing leading and controlling staffing) and coordinating Various resources (information materials money and people)". Opinion was less LBH has a sense that management is one or LBH managers who individually or jointly develop and achieve organizational goals with perform related functions (planning, preparation pengorgnisasian direction and supervision of staff) and coordinating various resources (money and material information people).
Managers themselves according to Plunket et al. (2005:5) is the people Who Are allocate and oversee the use of resources so the people who manage and supervise the use of resources.
Lewis et al. (2004:5) defines management as: "the process of administering and coordinating resources effectively and efficiently in an effort to Achieve the goals of the organization." Opinions are less LBH have a sense that management is the process of managing and coordinating resources -resources effectively and efficiently in an effort to achieve organizational goals.
According to Mary Parker Follett who was quoted by Handoko (2000:8) management is an art in completing the work through others. This definition implies that managers achieve organizational objectives through the arrangement of others to perform various tasks which may be required.

 

Prayers Tahajjud

Prayers Tahajjud (Qiyaamul Lail) is the sunnah prayer a person does after he wakes up from sleep at night even though his sleep just a minute. Is emphasized when the prayer is done in the last third of the night because that's when prayer time is granted.
     Legal Tahajjud prayer is sunnah muakkadah (sunnah which is emphasized). Sunna prayer has been fixed based on the arguments of al-Qur'an, Sunnah, shallallaahu 'alaihi wa sallam, and ijma' Muslims.
    Allaah says. "They were very little sleep at night, and at night lately they beg for forgiveness (to Allah)." [Adh-Dzaariyaat: 17-18]Allah Ta'ala says."Gastric them away from his bed, while they pray to his Lord with fear and hope, and they rizki spend of what We have given them. One would not know what is hidden to them, namely (a variety of delicious) that tasty eye view, in retaliation against what they have done. "[As-Sajda: 16-17]Allah 'Azza wa Jalla said."(Are ye ye the polytheists who are more fortunate) or people who worship at night with prostrate and standing, is he afraid of (adzab) hereafter, and expect the grace of his Lord? ..." [Az-Zumar: 9]And Allah Ta'ala says Tabaaraka wa."And on some evenings Tahajjud prayer was you ...." [Al-Israa ': 79]Shallallaahu Rasulullah 'alaihi wa sallam said."Prayers are the most important after the Fardhu prayers are prayers in the middle of the night." [1]Privileges Tahajjud PrayersPrayers Tahajjud has many virtues and privileges so that a student of knowledge is emphasized to do it. Among its merits are.[1]. Tahajjud Prayer is the best prayer after prayer fardhu.Shallallaahu Rasulullah 'alaihi wa sallam said."The best fasts after (fasting) in the month of Ramadan is fasting Allah, Muharram, and the best of prayers after the Fardhu prayers are prayers of the night." [2][2]. Tahajjud prayer is the glory of a believer.Shallallaahu Rasulullah 'alaihi wa sallam said."The angel Gabriel came to me and said, 'O Muhammad, live sekehendakmu because you will die, because you love someone sekehendakmu will leave him, and beramallah sekehendakmu because you will be rewarded, and know that the glory of a believer that there is in prayer at night and not felt need of man. "[3][3]. Habits of the righteous.[4]. Approaches to Allah Ta'ala.[5]. Distancing sin.[6]. Eraser error.
       The four virtues of this (points 3-6) are summarized in the words of the Prophet shallallaahu 'alaihi wa sallam."Let you perform night prayers because he is the habit of righteous people before you, he as a charity taqarrub for you to God, away sin, and removal errors." [4][7]. Prayer night is a testament that the first time shallallaahu Rasulullah 'alaihi wa sallam to convey to residents of Medina when he entered it. He shallallaahu 'alaihi wa sallam said."O people! Scatter greet, give food, connect Hospitality, and pray at night when everyone else was asleep, surely you'll go to heaven safely. "[5][8]. Prayers for the night as he lifted the degree of a person. Shallallaahu Rasulullah 'alaihi wa sallam said, when asked about the levels of the degree."Providing food, polite greeting, and praying at night when others sleep." [6][9]. Can strengthen the recitation of Al-Qur-an, to help wake up for Fajr prayer, follow the example of previous generations, and others.Prayers Tahajjud Messenger
     Shallallaahu Rasulullah 'alaihi wa sallam never leave Tahajjud prayer, both when he was mukim and was traveling. 'Aisha radhiyaallahu' anha once said, "If Prophet shallallaahu 'alaihi wa sallam to pray (night), he stood up to her feet broke." Then' Aisha radhiyallaahu 'anha said, "Why did you do all this. And Allah Ta'ala has forgiven your sins of the past and future? "Then he answered."O 'A'isha, do not deserve me to be most grateful servant." [7]Prayers Tahajjud The Salafush Salih
      It was narrated from Abu Qatadah (d. th. 54 H) radhiyallaahu 'anhu, he said, "The Prophet shallallaahu' alaihi wa sallam never went out one night, suddenly, he met with Abu Bakr radhiyallaahu 'anhu who was the prayer with a turn down his voice. "Abu Qatadah said," Then he met with 'Umar who was working on praying with his voice. "Abu Qatadah said," When they gathered at the side of the Prophet shallallaahu 'alaihi wa sallam, he said to them,' O Abu Bakr, I'm already past you when you're praying and you turn down your voice. "Abu Bakr said, 'Indeed I had made to the Lord that I bermunajat unto him, O Messenger of Allah. '"Abu Qatadah said," Then he said to' Umar, 'I've been past you, when it was working on praying with you raise your voice.' "Abu Qatadah said," Then ' Umar replied, 'Messenger of Allah, I have to wake the people who were sleeping asleep and drive out the devil.' Then the Prophet said, 'O Abu Bakr, harden your voice a bit.' And said to 'Umar,' O 'Umar, a little voice lirihkan . '[8]
      Narrated from Zayd ibn Aslam (d. th. 136 H) rahimahullaah that 'Umar radhiyallaahu' anhu perform night prayers in a long time until the end of the night he woke his family to prayer. He said, 'pray you guys! Pray you! "Then he read the following paragraph"And the command to establish your family in your prayers and patience to do it. We do not ask rizki thee, we who give rizki thee. And the consequences (good) it is for those who fear Allah. "[Thaahaa: 132]" [9]
      It was narrated from Ibn Sirin rahimahullaah, he said, "Wife of 'Uthman said when he was killed,' Truly you guys have been killed. Indeed he was ('Uthman ibn' Affan, died th. 35 H) always turn on the night with Al-Qur'an (in prayer the night). '"[10]
      It is reported that Dhirar bin al-Kinani Dhamrah rahimahullaah menyifati 'Ali ibn' Abi Talib radhiyallaahu 'anhu when he was called by the Commander of the Faithful Mu'awiyah ibn Abi Sufyan radhiyallaahu' anhuma, he said, "He ('Ali) does not feel happy with the world and glitter, and was quite happy with night and darkness. I bear witness to Allah, I never saw him on several occasions when the night was dark and the stars have sunk, he was standing sideways in his prayer as he fingered his beard and crying like a grief stricken. So like I heard it say, 'O Lord, O Lord,' with a full application to him. "[11]
      Abu 'Uthman an-Nahdi rahimahullaah said, "I had a visit to Abu Hurairah radhiyallaahu' anhu for seven days. Apparently he, his wife, and aides split into three nights. If that one had been praying, and wake the others. "[12]Shallallaahu Rasulullah 'alaihi wa sallam once said about himself' Abdullah bin 'Umar radhiyallaahu' anhuma."The best man was' Abdullah, if he would pray at night." [13]After the Prophet shallallaahu 'alaihi wa sallam said he did not sleep much at night. Most of the evening he used to pray and ask forgiveness to Allaah. Sometimes he does it until mid-dawn meal. Prophet shallallaahu 'alaihi wa sallam said to his wife, Hafsah, "Behold your brother (Ibn' Umar) a person whose deeds." [14]
     Ibn 'Abbas radhiyallaahu' anhuma said, "I've been praying (night) at the back of the Prophet shallallaahu 'alaihi wa sallam at the end of the night, and he directs me parallel with it. When finished I said, "Is reasonable for a person if he was performing prayers parallel with you, when you are the messenger of God." Then he prayed to God for Him to give me additional insight and knowledge. "[15]
     Regarding the word of Allah Almighty, "They are very little sleep at night." Al-Hasan al-Basri rahimahullaah said, "They only briefly to sleep at night." And on his words, "And at the end of the night they beg forgiveness . "[adh-Dzaariyaat: 17-18] Al-Hasan said," They elongate until the dawn prayer, then they pray and humble themselves. "[16]
      'Ali ibn al-Husayn ibn Syaqiq rahimahullaah said, "No. I've ever seen a more fitting person bacaanya than Ibn al-Mubarak. There is no better reading and more prayer than she was. He prays along the night, either on the way (traveling) and others. He mentartilkan reading and memanjangkannya, he deliberately left the bed for someone else does not know it when he prays. "[17]
      Yahya bin Ma'in rahimahullaah said, "I've never seen one more major than the Waki ​​'ibn al-Jarrah rahimahullaah, he was diligent to pray, memorize many of the hadiths, often night prayers, and many of fasting." Son, Ibrahim, said: , "My father prayed night and all the inhabitants of the house, until our maid, also joined the prayer." [18]

►

Articel Present Perfect

ONCE there was a gentleman who married, for his second wife, the proudest and most haughty woman that was ever seen. She had, by a former husband, two daughters of her own humor, who were, indeed, exactly like her in all things. He had likewise, by another wife, a young daughter, but of unparalleled goodness and sweetness of temper, which she took from her mother, who was the best creature in the world.

No sooner were the ceremonies of the wedding over but the mother-in-law began to show herself in her true colors. She could not bear the good qualities of this pretty girl, and the less because they made her own daughters appear the more odious. She employed her in the meanest work of the house: she scoured the dishes, tables, etc., and scrubbed madam’s chamber, and those of misses, her daughters; she lay up in a sorry garret, upon a wretched straw bed, while her sisters lay in fine rooms, with floors all inlaid, upon beds of the very newest fashion, and where they had looking-glasses so large that they might see themselves at their full length from head to foot.
The poor girl bore all patiently, and dared not tell her father, who would have rattled her off; for his wife governed him entirely. When she had done her work, she used to go into the chimney-corner, and sit down among cinders and ashes, which made her commonly be called Cinderwench; but the youngest, who was not so rude and uncivil as the eldest, called her Cinderella. However, Cinderella, notwithstanding her mean apparel, was a hundred times handsomer than her sisters, though they were always dressed very richly.
It happened that the King’s son gave a ball, and invited all persons of fashion to it. Our young misses were also invited, for they cut a very grand figure among the quality. They were mightily delighted at this invitation, and wonderfully busy in choosing out such gowns, petticoats, and head-clothes as might become them. This was a new trouble to Cinderella; for it was she who ironed her sisters’ linen, and plaited their ruffles; they talked all day long of nothing but how they should be dressed.
“For my part,” said the eldest, “I will wear my red velvet suit with French trimming.”
“And I,” said the youngest, “shall have my usual petticoat; but then, to make amends for that, I will put on my gold-flowered manteau, and my diamond stomacher, which is far from being the most ordinary one in the world.”
They sent for the best tire-woman they could get to make up their head-dresses and adjust their double pinners, and they had their red brushes and patches from Mademoiselle de la Poche.
Cinderella was likewise called up to them to be consulted in all these matters, for she had excellent notions, and advised them always for the best, nay, and offered her services to dress their heads, which they were very willing she should do. As she was doing this, they said to her:
“Cinderella, would you not be glad to go to the ball?”
“Alas!” said she, “you only jeer me; it is not for such as I am to go thither.”
“Thou art in the right of it,” replied they; “it would make the people laugh to see a Cinderwench at a ball.”
Anyone but Cinderella would have dressed their heads awry, but she was very good, and dressed them perfectly well They were almost two days without eating, so much were they transported with joy. They broke above a dozen laces in trying to be laced up close, that they might have a fine slender shape, and they were continually at their looking-glass. At last the happy day came; they went to Court, and Cinderella followed them with her eyes as long as she could, and when she had lost sight of them, she fell a-crying.
Her godmother, who saw her all in tears, asked her what was the matter.
“I wish I could–I wish I could–”; she was not able to speak the rest, being interrupted by her tears and sobbing.
This godmother of hers, who was a fairy, said to her, “Thou wishest thou couldst go to the ball; is it not so?”
“Y–es,” cried Cinderella, with a great sigh.
“Well,” said her godmother, “be but a good girl, and I will contrive that thou shalt go.” Then she took her into her chamber, and said to her, “Run into the garden, and bring me a pumpkin.”
Cinderella went immediately to gather the finest she could get, and brought it to her godmother, not being able to imagine how this pumpkin could make her go to the ball. Her godmother scooped out all the inside of it, having left nothing but the rind; which done, she struck it with her wand, and the pumpkin was instantly turned into a fine coach, gilded all over with gold.
She then went to look into her mouse-trap, where she found six mice, all alive, and ordered Cinderella to lift up a little the trapdoor, when, giving each mouse, as it went out, a little tap with her wand, the mouse was that moment turned into a fine horse, which altogether made a very fine set of six horses of a beautiful mouse-colored dapple-gray. Being at a loss for a coachman,
“I will go and see,” says Cinderella, “if there is never a rat in the rat-trap–we may make a coachman of him.”
“Thou art in the right,” replied her godmother; “go and look.”
Cinderella brought the trap to her, and in it there were three huge rats. The fairy made choice of one of the three which had the largest beard, and, having touched him with her wand, he was turned into a fat, jolly coach- man, who had the smartest whiskers eyes ever beheld. After that, she said to her:
“Go again into the garden, and you will find six lizards behind the watering-pot, bring them to me.”
She had no sooner done so but her godmother turned them into six footmen, who skipped up immediately behind the coach, with their liveries all bedaubed with gold and silver, and clung as close behind each other as if they had done nothing else their whole lives. The Fairy then said to Cinderella: “Well, you see here an equipage fit to go to the ball with; are you not pleased with it?”
“Oh! yes,” cried she; “but must I go thither as I am, in these nasty rags?”
Her godmother only just touched her with her wand, and, at the same instant, her clothes were turned into cloth of gold and silver, all beset with jewels. This done, she gave her a pair of glass slippers, the prettiest in the whole world. Being thus decked out, she got up into her coach; but her godmother, above all things, commanded her not to stay till after midnight, telling her, at the same time, that if she stayed one moment longer, the coach would be a pumpkin again, her horses mice, her coachman a rat, her footmen lizards, and her clothes become just as they were before.
She promised her godmother she would not fail of leaving the ball before midnight; and then away she drives, scarce able to contain herself for joy. The King’s son who was told that a great princess, whom nobody knew, was come, ran out to receive her; he gave her his hand as she alighted out of the coach, and led her into the ball, among all the company. There was immediately a profound silence, they left off dancing, and the violins ceased to play, so attentive was everyone to contemplate the singular beauties of the unknown new-comer. Nothing was then heard but a confused noise of:
“Ha! how handsome she is! Ha! how handsome she is!”
The King himself, old as he was, could not help watching her, and telling the Queen softly that it was a long time since he had seen so beautiful and lovely a creature.
All the ladies were busied in considering her clothes and headdress, that they might have some made next day after the same pattern, provided they could meet with such fine material and as able hands to make them.
The King’s son conducted her to the most honorable seat, and afterward took her out to dance with him; she danced so very gracefully that they all more and more admired her. A fine collation was served up, whereof the young prince ate not a morsel, so intently was he busied in gazing on her.
She went and sat down by her sisters, showing them a thousand civilities, giving them part of the oranges and citrons which the Prince had presented her with, which very much surprised them, for they did not know her. While Cinderella was thus amusing her sisters, she heard the clock strike eleven and three-quarters, whereupon she immediately made a courtesy to the company and hasted away as fast as she could.
When she got home she ran to seek out her godmother, and, after having thanked her, she said she could not but heartily wish she might go next day to the ball, because the King’s son had desired her.
As she was eagerly telling her godmother whatever had passed at the ball, her two sisters knocked at the door, which Cinderella ran and opened.
“How long you have stayed!” cried she, gaping, rubbing her eyes and stretching herself as if she had been just waked out of her sleep; she had not, however, any manner of inclination to sleep since they went from home.
“If thou hadst been at the ball,” said one of her sisters, “thou wouldst not have been tired with it. There came thither the finest princess, the most beautiful ever was seen with mortal eyes; she showed us a thousand civilities, and gave us oranges and citrons.”
Cinderella seemed very indifferent in the matter; indeed, she asked them the name of that princess; but they told her they did not know it, and that the King’s son was very uneasy on her account and would give all the world to know who she was. At this Cinderella, smiling, replied:
“She must, then, be very beautiful indeed; how happy you have been! Could not I see her? Ah! dear Miss Charlotte, do lend me your yellow suit of clothes which you wear every day.”
“Ay, to be sure!” cried Miss Charlotte; “lend my clothes to such a dirty Cinderwench as thou art! I should be a fool.”
Cinderella, indeed, expected well such answer, and was very glad of the refusal; for she would have been sadly put to it if her sister had lent her what she asked for jestingly.
The next day the two sisters were at the ball, and so was Cinderella, but dressed more magnificently than before. The King’s son was always by her, and never ceased his compliments and kind speeches to her; to whom all this was so far from being tiresome that she quite forgot what her godmother had recommended to her; so that she, at last, counted the clock striking twelve when she took it to be no more than eleven; she then rose up and fled, as nimble as a deer. The Prince followed, but could not overtake her. She left behind one of her glass slippers, which the Prince took up most carefully. She got home but quite out of breath, and in her nasty old clothes, having nothing left her of all her finery but one of the little slippers, fellow to that she dropped. The guards at the palace gate were asked:
If they had not seen a princess go out.
Who said: They had seen nobody go out but a young girl, very meanly dressed, and who had more the air of a poor country wench than a gentlewoman.
When the two sisters returned from the ball Cinderella asked them: If they had been well diverted, and if the fine lady had been there.
They told her: Yes, but that she hurried away immediately when it struck twelve, and with so much haste that she dropped one of her little glass slippers, the prettiest in the world, which the King’s son had taken up; that he had done nothing but look at her all the time at the ball, and that most certainly he was very much in love with the beautiful person who owned the glass slipper.
What they said was very true; for a few days after the King’s son caused it to be proclaimed, by sound of trumpet, that he would marry her whose foot the slipper would just fit. They whom he employed began to try it upon the princesses, then the duchesses and all the Court, but in vain; it was brought to the two sisters, who did all they possibly could to thrust their foot into the slipper, but they could not effect it. Cinderella, who saw all this, and knew her slipper, said to them, laughing:
“Let me see if it will not fit me.”
Her sisters burst out a-laughing, and began to banter her. The gentleman who was sent to try the slipper looked earnestly at Cinderella, and, finding her very handsome, said:
It was but just that she should try, and that he had orders to let everyone make trial.
He obliged Cinderella to sit down, and, putting the slipper to her foot, he found it went on very easily, and fitted her as if it had been made of wax. The astonishment her two sisters were in was excessively great, but still abundantly greater when Cinderella pulled out of her pocket the other slipper, and put it on her foot. Thereupon, in came her godmother, who, having touched with her wand Cinderella’s clothes, made them richer and more magnificent than any of those she had before.
And now her two sisters found her to be that fine, beautiful lady whom they had seen at the ball. They threw themselves at her feet to beg pardon for all the ill- treatment they had made her undergo. Cinderella took them up, and, as she embraced them, cried:
That she forgave them with all her heart, and desired them always to love her.
She was conducted to the young prince, dressed as she was; he thought her more charming than ever, and, a few days after, married her. Cinderella, who was no less good than beautiful, gave her two sisters lodgings in the palace.

Teori Present Perfect

Present Perfect
Present perfect tense is used to express action or situation that has or has occurred. When did the act or situation is not too important.

Sentence patterns present perfect tense.

Pattern I
(+) S + have / has + V3
(-) S + have / has + not + V3
(?) Have / has + S + V3

Pattern II
(+) S + have / has + been + adj / Adv / N
(-) S + have / has + not + been + adj / Adv / N
(?) Have / has + S + been + adj / Adv / N

Example sentence pattern I:
I have finished my work.
She has not eaten lunch.
Have you seen That movie?

Sample sentence pattern II:
She has been sick for two days.
They have not been busy for one day.
Have you been here for two hours?


Notes

Has used if the subject is third person singular (he, she, it).

In conversation (present perfect tense) is usually the subject and auxiliary verb experiencing condensation (contraction). And sometimes in the form of writing, the cutting is also used.
I've finished my work.
She's been sick for two days.

Abbreviations' s after the subject of a third person can mean the auxiliary verbs (auxiliary verb) have or be. "It's eaten" can mean:
It has eaten. [present perfect tense, active voice]
It is eaten. [present tense, passive voice]
Consider the context, it will be clear where auxiliary verbs are used.

Present perfect tense is often used in England than in America are more likely to use past tense forms.
Have you Had lunch? (English)
Did you have lunch? (United States)

Teori Kalimat Direct and Indirect

The words are straight out of the speaker to someone in casual conversation, questions or commands; The words or sayings that are marked "..." this is said to Direct; while the words that come out of the speaker and re-told or spoken to someone called Indrect. We see a lot of changes (the word, time) in indirect. We can learn how to form sentences indirectly from sentences directly.

1. If the verb to report is say, ask, order, advise in the present form and the words that issued the speaker in the present time also, the tense (time) does not change.

2. Similarly, if the sentence issued by the speaker in the form of the verb is present perfect and future, then the tense does not have changes
.Example:She says, "I will from go to school."She says That she will from go to school.

3. When the verbs say, ask, order, advise in the past simple verb forms, although the sentences issued by the speaker periodically present verb, the verb must also be simple past.

4. When the verbs say, ask, order, advise in the form of simple past and sentences issued by the speaker simple past regular verbs as well, so in an indirect sentence the verb should be in the form of past perfect.
Example:
They said that They Had bough a book at book store.

5. Change the words:
• I be a he or a she.
• You become I or he or she
• We become Theys.
• My into his or her.
• Our into Their.
• Here be there.
• Now mejnadi then.
• This becomes that.

EXAMPLE SENTENCES AND DIRECT INDRECT:

1. Direct: David said, "I am a post man."
Indirect: David said that he was a post man.
2. Direct: She said, "the boy comes".
Indirect: She said that the boy came.
3. Direct: He said, "Pardon me, sir"
Indirect: He said to pardon uterus.
4. Direct: Cole said, "I very Claver."
Indirect: Cole said that she Claver.
5. Direct: Yuna said, "I reading a novel"
Indirect: Yuna said that she is reading.

Artikel yang Mengandung Passive Voice

FRANKFURT, Germany (AFP) - Hamburg striker Paolo Guerrero has been banned for five matches for throwing a bottle at a fan after his side's goalless draw with Hanover last weekend, the German football federation (DFB) said on Thursday.The sanction means that the season is over for Guerrero, who had just returned from a serious knee injury, and he may not play in the Bundesliga again with his contract set to expire at the end of May.The Peruvian reacted angrily after being verbally abused at the entrance to the tunnel as he left the field.He threw a plastic bottle at a fan, striking him in the face, and has already been punished by his club with a substantial fine.The 26-year-old has been ordered to pay 20,000 euros by the DFB

Teori Active and passive voice

In English there is an active sentences and passive sentences like the Indonesian language. Active sentence (active voice) is a sentence where the subject of his work. In contrast, passive sentence (passive voice) is a sentence where the subject is subjected to the job by the object of the sentence. Active voice is more often used in daily life compared with the passive voice. However, often we find the passive voice in the newspapers, articles in magazines and scholarly writings. Passive voice is used because the object of the active voice is more important information than his subject.

Exemple sentence:
1.Active        : She read the magazine
   Passive      : The magazine read by her

2.Active       : He wash car every week
   Passive      : Car wash by him every week

3.Active       : Somebody holds a ceremony
   Passive     :  A ceremony is held by somebody

4.Active:      : My aunty cooks rice
   Passive     : Rice is cooked by my aunty

5.Active      : Andi buy a aple
   Passive    : Aple buy by andi